Ownership Transfer and Fees

In addition to our cover story focusing on secondhand cars, here’s a list of documents required in order to facilitate the ownership transfer. If you’re thinking of selling or buying, pay attention! These lists could save you a whole lot of running around.

Under Section 13(1) Road Transport Act 1987, transfer of ownership must be submitted to the respective state’s RTD Director within 7 days from the date of transaction. Failing which, the seller and buyer will be subjected to a fine of not more than RM1,000 or not more than 3 months imprisonment for the first offence. For consecutive offences, both will be subjected to a fine of not more than RM2,000 or not more than 6 months imprisonment, or both.

When selling a vehicle, the seller, as the registered owner of the vehicle, must inform the respective state’s RTD Director by completing Part A of JPJK3 Form. The JPJK3 Form should then be handed over to the buyer together with the following documents:

Completed JPJK3 Form Original Vehicle Registration Card Photocopy of National Identity Card for Malaysians or International Passport for non-Malaysias. Release Letter of Ownership Claim(if financed by financial institution)

The documents required from the Buyer are:

Completed JPJK3 Form Original Vehicle Registration Card Photocopy of National Identity Card for Malaysians or International Passport for non-Malaysias. Letter of Ownership Claim by the Financial Institution (if any)

The Seller must ensure that the ownership transfer is registered with the RTD by the buyer within 7 days from the date of transaction. Failure to do may subject you to the following offences.

You may be prosecuted under Section 13(1) Road Transport Act 1987. You will still be responsible for any offences involving the vehicle, even though it is no longer under your ownership.

Ownership Transfer for Private Vehicle
The required documents for the transfer of ownership for private vehicles are as follows:

Completed JPJK3 Form signed by the old and new owner. Photocopy of National Identity Card or International Passport of both parties. Letter of Indemnity. Original Car Registration Card. Letter of Release of ownership claim by financial institution on the previous owner (if any). Letter of ownership claim by the financial institution on the new owner (if any). Insurance Policy/Cover Note issued on the new owner's name. Ownership transfer fee as well as payment for road tax.

Ownership Transfer for Commercial Vehicle
For the transfer of Commercial Vehicles, the seller is required to surrender the following documents for cancellation:

Permits and letter issued by the Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board (LPKP). Road Tax. Special plates (for taxi or hired cars).

The seller is required to submit the following documents:

Approval Letter from the Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board (LPKP). All necessary signage on the vehicle. Inspection of the vehicle.

TRANSFER FEES

Peninsular Malaysia
The fees incurred for transfer of ownership are as follows:

RM100 for all vehicles (except vehicles for the disabled, motorcycles, 3-wheeled motorcycles, mobile equipments, tractors and commercial vehicles); and an additional RM50 for new ownership claim (if any). RM3 for motorcycles and 3-wheeled motorcycles; and an additional RM20 for new ownership claim (if any). RM40 for mobile equipments, tractors and commercial vehicles; and an addition RM50 for new ownership claim (if any). Vehicles for handicap – None. Pedestrian controlled vehicles – None

Sabah

All vehicles (except vehicles for the disabled, motorcycles, and trailers) – RM60. Motorcycles – RM40. Vehicles for the handicap – None. Trailers – RM20.

Sarawak

All vehicles (except vehicles for the disabled, motorcycles, and trailers) – RM50. Motorcycles – RM5. Vehicles for the handicap – None. Trailers » 2 wheels – RM10. » more than 2 wheels – RM20. » Pedestrian controlled vehicles – None

The Case For Diesel

The Basics of Diesel Technology Diesel engines have long proven to be a reliable, economical and durable source of power for many applications. Diesel engines work on a different platform than petrol or other technologies, relying on compression instead of spark to ignite a mixture of air and diesel fuel. The mixture of air and fuel is constantly changed to directly respond to the load placed on the engine. For this reason, diesel technology is ideal for commercial applications because of its ability to provide performance and power that is efficient, economical, durable, and reliable.

Diesel Fuel Characteristics
1. More energy - diesel fuel contains more energy per unit volume than petrol
2. Safer - the less volatile diesel has a higher flash point and is far less likely to ignite or explode if spilled or released
3. Better Fuel Economy up to 45% to 60% better fuel economy can be achieved when combined with the more efficient combustion process of the diesel engine.

Environmental impact
The environmental performance of diesel engines is one of continuous improvement. Significant advances in diesel engine technology have resulted in considerable improvements in diesel emissions. Because of the greater efficiency of diesel engines and the significant fuel economy advantage, diesel engines emit 30 - 35 per cent fewer carbon emissions than petrol. This is good news because the effects of carbon-based greenhouse gasses emission on the global climate and temperature patterns are an increasing concern.

Decrease in Total Overall Emissions
The US has reported an overall decrease in diesel emissions over the past 10 years, resulting largely from the rapid development of diesel technology and diesel engine technology.

1. On-Road Diesel Engines:
- Total NOx emissions from on-road diesels dropped by 25% (oxides of nitrogen)
- Total S02 emissions from on-road diesels dropped by 76% (sulfure dioxide)
- Total PM-10 emissions from on-road diesels dropped by 37% (coarse particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter)
- Total PM-2.5 emissions from on-road diesels have dropped by 35% (fine particulates smaller than 2:5 micrometers in diameter)

2. Off-Road Diesel Engines:
- 25% reduction in particulate emissions from off-road diesels over the last 25 years

The Diesel Engine
Diesel engines are workhorse engines, powering heavy-duty trucks, buses, tractors, trains, large ships, bulldozers, cranes, and other construction equipment. The diesel engine's image as a muscle-bound monster has now given way to vastly improved engines that delivers more fuel, efficiency, more fuel flexibility, and cleaner emissions.

How Diesel Engines Work
A diesel is an internal combustion engine that converts chemical energy in fuel to mechanical energy that moves pistons up and down inside enclosed spaces called cylinders. The pistons are connected to the engine's crankshaft, which " changes their linear motion into the rotary motion needed to propel the vehicle's wheels. Energy is released in a series of small explosions' as fuel reacts chemically with oxygen from the air. This is where diesel and gasoline differs.

Gasoline engines start the explosions with sparks from spark plugs. In diesel engines, fuel ignites on its own.

Air heats up when it is compressed. This fact led German engineer Rudolf Diesel to theorize that fuel could be made to ignite spontaneously if the air inside an engine's cylinders became hot enough through compressions. Achieving high temperatures meant producing much greater air compression than occurs in gasoline engines. High compressions could lead to high engine efficiency. Part of the reason is that compressing air concentrates fuel-burning oxygen. A fuel that has high energy content per gallon, such as diesel for example, will react with most of the concentrated oxygen to deliver more power per explosion when injected into the engine's cylinders at exactly the right time.

These calculations proved to be correct. Consequently, even though vast improvements have been made on diesel engines over the years, the basic concept of the 4-stroke diesel engine is still unchanged. The first stroke involves drawing air into a cylinder as the piston creates space for it by moving away front the intake valve. The piston's subsequent upward swing then compresses the air, heating it at the same time. Next, fuel is injected under high pressure as the piston approaches the top of its compression stroke, igniting spontaneously as it contacts the heated air.

The hot combustion gasses expand, driving the piston downward in what is called the power stroke. During its return swing, the piston pushes spent gases from the cylinder, and the cycle begins again with an intake of fresh air.

How Diesel Engines Have Improved
Older diesel engines mixed fuel and air in a pre- combustion chamber before injecting it into a cylinder. The mixing and injection steps were controlled mechanically, which made it very difficult to tailor the fuel-air mixture to changing engine conditions. This led to incomplete fuel combustion, particularly at low speeds. As a result, fuel was wasted and tailpipe emissions were relatively high.

Today's diesels inject fuel directly into an engine's cylinders using tiny computers to deliver precisely the right amount of fuel the instant it is needed. All functions in a modern diesel engine are controlled an electronic control module that communicates with an elaborate array of sensors placed at strategic locations throughout the engine to monitor everything from engine speed to coolant and oil temperatures and even piston positions. Tight electronic control means that fuel burns more thoroughly, delivering more power, greater fuel economy and fewer emissions. Modern direct-injection diesel engines producer low amounts of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons. Emissions of reactive nitrogen compounds (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) have been reduced since 1980. Nevertheless, NOx and PM emissions remain at relatively high levels.

What Improvements Need To Be Made?
Diesel engines are already more efficient than their gasoline counterparts (45% vs. 30%). Further advances (55% to 63%) are possible. Widespread use of diesel engines, particularly in trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles promises to substantially reduce dependence on petroleum products.

Permohonan Pengecualian Khas Pemasangan Cermin Gelap

Kaedah 5(1) dan Kaedah 5(3) Kaedah-kaedah kenderaan motor larangan mengenai jenis-jenis kaca tertentu pindaan 2000 menetapkan cermin depan hendaklah telus cahaya tidak kurang 70% manakala cermin belakang dan tepi hendaklah telus cahaya tidak kurang 50%.

Pengecualian Khas Cermin Gelap
Pemasangan kaca gelap diberikan kepadan orang-orang tertentu sahaja seperti di bawah Kaedah 11(a) dan 11(b) Kaedah-kaedah Kenderaan Motor Larangan Mengenai Jenis-jenis Kaca Tertentu 1991.
Mana-mana orang yang tidak termasuk dalam Kaedah 11(a) dan 11(b) yang menghadapi masalah kesihatan kulit terdedah atau dengan ancaman keselamatan boleh memohon pengecualian khas untuk pemasangan cermin gelap.

Cara-cara Memohon
Pemohonan hendaklah dibuat menggunakan Borang Khas CGI yang boleh didapati daripada Ibu Pejabat JPJ di Putrajaya. Semua permohonan perlu disertakan dengan dokumen-dokumen berikut:

• Salinan Kad Pengenalan yang telah disahkan.
• Surat Pengesahan daripada Pegawai Perubatan Kerajaan serta rekod-rekod perubatan yang terkini.
• Bagi permohonan untuk tujuan keselamatan, sertakan dokumen sokongan.

Kelulusan
Semua permohonan akan dipertimbangkan dan akan dikemukakan kepada Ketua Pengarah Pengangkutan untuk persetujuan. Selepas itu, akan dibawa kepada YB Menteri Pengangkutan untuk kelulusan.

Tempoh
Tempoh kelulusan pengguna cermin gelap adalah satu tahun sahaja dan perlu diperbaharui.

Pembaharuan
Permohonan memperbaharui kelulusan cermin gelap hendaklah dibuat 3 bulan sebelum tamat tempoh kelulusan dengan disertakan dokumen berikut:

• Borang CGI yang telah diisi dengan lengkap.
• Salinan Kad Pengenalan yang telah disahkan.
• Surat Pengesahan daripada Pegawai Perubatan Kerajaan serta rekod-rekod perubatan yang terkini.
• Salinan Surat Kelulusan dari YB Menteri Pengangkutan.

Penalti
Pemilik atau pemandu kenderaan yang tidak mematuhi kaedah ini akan dikenakan:

• Tidak melebihi RM500.00 atau penjara tidak melebihi 2 minggu untuk kesalahan pertama.
• Tidak melebihi RM1,000.00 atau penjara tidak melebihi 1 bulan atau kedua-duanya sekali bagi kesalahan-kesalahan berikutnya.

Sebarang pertanyaan sila hubungi:
Ketua Pengarah:
Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan Malaysia
Bahagian Penguatkuasa
Aras 1, Blok D4, Parcel D
Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan
62620 Putrajaya.
Tel: 03-8885 6400
Fax: 03-8888 9645
Website: www.jpj.gov.my
E-mel: info@jpj.gov.my

What You Need to Know About ABS

Most modern cars/vehicles nowadays are equipped with a lot of safety devices. One of the most important features that one should look for when buying a car/vehicles is anti-lock braking system or better known as ASABS.

WHAT IS ABS?
Not many people know that ABS originated in airplanes; developed to shorten the distance that is necessary for landing. ABS did not appear in road cars until 1966, when Jensen FF installed a system called Maxaret, which was developed by Dunlop.

However, this system only employed electronic sensors to avoid locking the disc brakes instead of employing computers and wheel speed sensors.

ABS is an anti lock braking system that keeps your base brakes from locking up. In vehicles not equipped with ABS, the driver can manually pump the brakes to prevent wheel lock-up. In vehicles equipped with ABS, the driver's foot remains firmly on the brake pedal, allowing the system to automatically pump the brakes.

WHY ABS IS IMPORTANT
ABS allows the driver to maintain directional stability, control over steering, and in some situations, to reduce stopping distances during emergency braking situation, particularly on wet and slippery road surface. Rear wheel ABS prevents wheel lock-up so that your car stays in a straight line. If your car has ABS on all four wheels, you also keep steering control. If you have steering control, it is possible to avoid a crash by steering around hazards if a complete stop cannot be accomplished in time.

Most new car models offer ABS as either standard or optional equipment. To find out whether your car has ABS, you can read your owner's manual, check your instrument panel for an amber ABS indicator light after you turn on the ignition, or when you buy, lease or rent, you can ask your dealer or rental car company.

How to notice that the ABS is working? In many vehicles, drivers may experience a rapid pulsation of the brake pedal - almost as if the brakes are pushing back at you. Sometimes the pedal could suddenly drop. Also, the vales in the ABS controller may make a noise that sounds like grinding or buzzing. However, in some cars you may feel a slight vibration.

What ABS does is similar to a person pumping the brakes. It automatically changes the pressure in the car's brake lines to maintain maximum brake performance just short of locking up the wheels. ABS does this very rapidly with electronics. However, you have to remember that you should not pump your brakes if you have ABS. Just hold your foot firmly on the brakes pedal. It is important not to take your foot off the brake pedal when you hear a noise or feel pulsation, instead, continue to apply firm pressure. Remember you can still steer the car.

ABS systems are all very similar in the way they control brake pressure. However some systems are designed to prevent only the rear wheels from locking up as can be found on some pick-up trucks and sports utility vehicles. Rear-wheel ABS keeps the vehicle from spinning out of control but the driver will not have steering control if the front wheels lock-up. All other ABS systems including those for cars and multi-utility vehicles are designed to keep all four wheels from locking up. Check your owner's manual to see what type of ABS you have.

However, one thing that everyone has to remember, although ABS will help in bringing the car safely to rest, it will not be able to assist if the vehicle is placed in an unrecoverable situation. Please read your owner's manual for more details on the complete operation and benefits of ABS. You can also familiarise yourself with the system by test-driving your vehicle in an unobstructed parking lot at a speed above which the ABS activates

Tip Membeli Kereta Terpakai

Perkara yang paling utama semasa membeli kereta terpakai pastikan keadaan cuaca ketika memeriksa kenderaan itu adalah terang. Jangan sekali-kali memeriksa kenderaan di waktu gelap.

1. PEMERIKSAAN LUARAN
   1. Sila periksa pemegang pintu
   2. Pastikan pintu dan bonet boleh dibuka dan ditutup dengan senang
   3. Pastikan 'bumper' belakang tidak calar dan karat
   4. Pastikan sistem ekzos tidak berkarat
   5. Pastikan rim tidak bengkok dan berkarat
   6. Pastikan semua lampu berfungsi dengan baik


2. PEMERIKSAAN ENJIN
   1. Pastikan keadaan enjin mestilah bersih
   2. Pastikan enjin tidak diubahsuai
   3. Pastikan keadaan enjin dan pastikan tiada bocoran. Bagi menunjukkan ada kebocoran pada enjin, anda boleh meletakkan sekeping kotak putih di bawah enjin selepas menguji pandu kenderaan tersebut.
   4. Tiada kebocoran pada radiator dan sistem penyejuk
   5. Pastikan semua 'belt' berada dalam keadaan baik


3. PEMERIKSAAN DALAMAN
   1. Pastikan pintu dan bonet boleh dibuka dan ditutup dengan mudah
   2. Pastikan semua cermin berada dalam keadaan baik
   3. Pastikan karpet kereta berada dalam keadaan baik
   4. Pastikan lantai tidak berkarat
   5. Pastikan 'dashboard' tidak retak
   6. Pusingkan setering ke kiri dan ke kanan
   7. Tiada masalah dengan pedal brek dan clutch
   8. Pastikan penghawa dingin berfungsi dengan baik
   9. Pastikan tali pinggang boleh dipakai
   10. Pastikan 'jeck' clan tayar simpanan berada dalam keadaan baik


4. CUBA MEMANDU DALAM MASA 30 MINIT
   1. Cuba hidupkan 'switch' tetapi jangan hidupkan enjin
      1. Pastikan meter suhu bergerak
      2. Pastikan lampu minyak enjin menyala
      3. Pastikan lampu bateri menyala
         
   2. Cuba hidupkan enjin
      1. Pastikan semua meter berfungsi dengan baik
      2. Pastikan tiada masalah dengan sistem gearbox
      3. Cuba matikan enjin dan hidupkan semula
      4. Pastikan tiada kebocoran minyak enjin berlaku di bawah
      5. Semasa memandu kenderaan tersebut, pastikan tiada bunyi dan gegaran
      6. Tiada masalah semasa penukaran gear
      7. Cuba pusingkan stering 360 darjah.Adakah ia mengeluarkan sebarang bunyi?
      8. Cuba anda pandu kenderaan tersebut clan lalui kawasan yang ada bonggol kerana ianya akan menguji sistem suspension
      9. Cuba biarkan enjin kenderaan itu hidup dalam beberapa minit dan pastikan suhu kepanasannya berada dalam keadaan stabil


5. PEMERIKSAAN TERAKHIR
   1. Perkara paling penting ialah periksa nombor casis dan nombor enjin. Pastikan nombor tersebut sama dengan dokumen pendaftaran kereta

Four Wheel Drive Systems

The demand for four-wheel-drive vehicles as a lifestyle vehicle in Malaysia is increasing every year. Once, people used to associate pick-up vehicle with "construction site" or Thailand. Nowadays, there are a lot of trendy pick-ups running on our road. An example is the Ford Ranger. But, how many of us really know what is a four-wheel-drive system?

There are a few types of four-wheel-drive systems available in the market. They are automatic four-wheel drive system, part-time four-wheel drive system, full time four-wheel drive system and all wheel-drive system.

In automatic four-wheel drive system, when in normal mode, the vehicle travels in two-wheel drive and typically with rear wheels being the driven wheels. A driver can set an "auto 4WD' function with a touch of a button on the dashboard. The vehicle will then decide when to activate and de-activate four-wheel drive.

When the vehicle engages four-wheel drive, it manages to transmit the power; as necessary, to both front and rear wheels or to wheels with the most traction. The driver can also switch to low gear for improve torque in off-road terrain.

An automatic four-wheel drive system requires a centre differential or some kind of viscous coupling or multi-plate clutch, a transfer case, two drives hafts, two axle differentials and two powered axles. An example of an automatic four-wheel drive vehicle is the Jeep Grand Cherokee.

Meanwhile, the most basic four-wheel drive system is the part-time four-wheel drive system that is available in many four-wheel drive vehicles. In normal mode, the vehicle travels in two wheel-drive, typically with rear wheels receiving power and pushing along the front. The driver is responsible for engaging and disengaging the four-wheel drive. By activating the four-wheel drive, the power is sent to the front wheels and continues to power the rear as well.

When on off-road terrain, the driver can engage an extra-low gear for improved torque while in four-wheel drive mode. A part-time four-wheel drive system requires a transfer case, two drives hafts, two axle differentials and two powered axle and does not include a centre differential. An example of this vehicle is the Ford Ranger.

A full-time or permanent four wheel drive system has no two- wheel-drive mode. They always operate with power going to all four wheels, so the drive can benefit all the time from four-wheel traction. There is also no way to turn off the four-wheel drive. A full- time four-wheel drive requires a centre differential, transfer case, two driveshafts, two axle differentials and two powered axles. In rough off-road terrain, the drive can engage low range for improved torque. An example of a full-time four-wheel drive vehicle is the Perodua Kembara.

Meanwhile, an all-wheel drive system is used mostly in cars. An example of an all-wheel drive car is Subaru Impreza.

NGV ... What is it?

What is natural gas?
Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons found in the ground independently or together with crude oil. Its composition varies (depending on where it is found), but its main component is "Methane"(CH4}. The rest of the gas is made up of varying amounts of other gases like ethane, propane, butane, and heavier hydrocarbons, plus Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, water and traces of other substances. Natural gas is a by product of decaying vegetable matter in underground strata. Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel; it can help improve the quality of air and water; especially when used in place of other; more polluting energy sources.

Malaysia is blessed with abundant natural gas reserves. At 82.5 trillion cubic feet, these reserves are two times the amount of oil, thus there is opportunity to promote and diversify the use of the natural gas not just as a power source in the industrial and utilities sector; but also as an alternative fuel for vehicles. PETRONAS, through its wholly, owned subsidiary, PETRONAS NGV Sdn Bhd , have been making NGV available to Malaysian motorists through its expanding chain of NGV outlets in the Klang Valley and other major urban areas in the country.

What is NGV?
Natural gas can make a significant contribution towards improved air quality in the transportation industry. Natural gas used in vehicles as fuel is commonly known as Natural Gas for Vehicles or NGV There are three types of natural gas vehicles available.

Bi-Fuel NGV Vehicles
Bi-fuel vehicles are vehicles equipped with two fuel systems i.e. one for petrol and one for NGV of which only one is used at anyone time. Most natural gas bi-fuel vehicles are produced by converting petrol (spark ignition engine) vehicles. In this process, an NGV kit is retrofitted as an addition to the existing petrol system. It is a relatively simple operation and can be done within one day by a certified installer.

Dual-Fuel NGV Vehicles
Diesel vehicles cannot be converted to natural gas bi-fuel operation, but it can be converted to dual-fuel operation or converted to 100% dedicated (monogas) natural gas engine. Converting from diesel to dedicated natural gas operation requires major modifications such as adding spark plugs and altering the compression ratio. These changes preclude the engine from running on diesel fuel. In dual-fuel vehicles, two fuel systems are fitted. The difference with bi-fuel vehicles is that in a dual-fuel vehicle both fuel are used simultaneously instead of one at a time. The dual-fuel system is to convert diesel (compression ignition) vehicle to run on a mixture of NGV and diesel. The diesel fuel is used as a pilot ignition to initiate combustion of the NGV in the engine combustion chambers.

Monogas (Dedicated) NGV Vehicles
When a vehicle is designed by the manufacturers to only use natural gas as fuel, the resulting chassis and engine units are better optimized for NGV than is the case for a converted vehicle. The engine will be able to achieve minimal exhaust emissions, low fuel consumption and adequate mechanical power.

In Malaysia, there are about 8,000 natural gas vehicles currently on the road mainly in the Klang Valley and Johor Bahru. Of this, retrofitted bi-fuel vehicles dominate the natural gas vehicle population in Malaysia with majority of the users being city taxis. The number of monogas vehicles available from original equipment manufacturers is still quite small. Transit buses and some other heavy-duty vehicles make up the greater portion of natural gas vehicles produced by the manufacturers. Until manufacturers build more natural gas vehicles on their assembly lines, most will be in the form of conventional vehicles that have been retrofitted with an NGV kit.

How does a Hi-Fuel vehicle operate?
Natural gas is compressed at the refueling station and dispensed into the vehicle through the natural gas filling valve. It then flows into the NGV cylinder located in the boot of the vehicle. When natural gas is selected, gas from the NGV cylinder goes through the NGV supply line and into the regulator. The regulator reduces the gas storage pressure from up to 3,000 pounds per square inch (psi) to approximately atmospheric pressure.

Next the gas goes through the NGV solenoid valve and into the mixer or fuel injectors. Natural gas mixed with air will then flow through the carburetor or fuel injection system and enters the engines combustion chambers. When petrol is selected, the NGV solenoid valve will shut off the NGV system enabling the vehicle to run on petrol. The diagram below shows the various components for the conversion of a petrol car to bi-fuel operation.

What exactly does alignment do for you?

When the wheels of your car are correctly aligned, they will roll smoothly, eliminate the dangers of dragging or slipping, and reduce steering effort. This affords you better steering control and stability, as well as greater driving safety. Properly aligned wheels also ensure that your tyres' wear evenly. So less strain is placed on the suspension of your car.

ALIGNMENT - THE FACTS
These days, most cars come equipped with modern suspension, steering and drive train design. All there to ensure your alignment maintains and provides a high level of performance. Many vehicles are also equipped with independent rear suspension that requires a regular alignment check. A misaligned rear suspension may also affect the front tyres.

THE MOST IMPORTANT THING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT ALIGNMENTS
When discussing tyre alignment, the two most commonly used terms are camber and toe. These two subjects have the greatest effect on tyre wear than any other. Improper toe-in or toe-out of the wheels causes excessive tread wear. They also create feathered edges on the ribs of your tyres. While improper camber causes wear and tear on only one side of tyres.

THE SIGN SAYS ALIGNMENT
Alignment for front wheels should be done when:

1. Tyre wear is irregular.
2. Tyre wear is excessive.
3. Car steers hard or keeps pulling to one side.
4. Front suspension or steering linkage components are replaced.
5. Car has suffered a front-end collision.
6. Either wheel has an exaggerated tilt.
7. Front tyres are rotated or replaced.

AND NOW MORE ABOUT ALIGNMENT
When you buy a car, it comes with specifications already set by the manufacturer. This is done to cater to the variety of drivers and road conditions. However for everyday usage, the wheel alignment settings can be fine-tuned to meet your specifications and comfort. Check with your mechanic for the proper settings.

Penjagaan Sistem Penyejuk Enjin

Paras cecair penyejuk sentiasa diperiksa dan ditambah jika perlu. Tetapi, jika air perlu ditambah selalu, terdapat kebocoran atau keretakan di dalam sistem peyejuk.

Paras Air Radiator
Tujuan: Mendapatkan cara yang betul bagi tujuan penyelenggaraan sistem penyejuk enjin.

(Flushing Engine Water Jacket):
Kerja ini juga boleh dilakukan dengan 2 cara iaitu pancuran terus atau pancuran terbalik. Sesetengah pembuat kereta berpendapat dengan melakukan pancuran terbalik boleh menyebabkan kerosakan kepada penyendal seals dan beberapa bahagian enjin. Adalah penting sebelum melakukan kerja memancur ini, perlu dirujuk kepada spesifikasi sesebuah kenderaan.

Pancuran Terbalik
Cara-cara dan langkah-langkah:

1. Tanggalkan larasuhu dahulu (thermostat)
2. Salurkan senapang pemancur ke bahagian perumah larasuhu tersebut.
3. Tanggalkan hos masukan yang terdapat pada pam air.
4. Berikan tekanan air dan biarkan sehingga air bersih yang keluar.

Pancuran Teruk
Cara-cara dan langkah-langkah adalah sama seperti di atas Cuma terbalikkan sahaja arah senapang pemancur pada hos masukan pam air manakala biarkan air mangalir keluar melalui perumah larasuhu.

Memancur Radiator (Flushing Radiator)
Kerja memancur ini perlu dilakukan menggunakan senapang pemancur (flushing gun) agar tekanan air dapat ditinggikan. Kaedah memancur boleh dilakukan dengan 2 cara iaitu pancuran terus dan pancuran terbalik.

Pancuran Terbalik
Cara-cara atau langkah-langkah:

1. Salurkan muncung senapang pemancur ke bahagian hos bawah radiator (lihat gambrajah).
2. Manakala hos atas radiator disalurkan keluar.
3. Perlu diingat dalam melakukan kerja memancur radiator ini, jangan berikan tekanan air yang terlampau tinggi yang boleh mengakibatkan kerosakan pada bahagian dalaman radiator.
4. Gunakan tekanan sederhana sehingga air yang bersih yang keluar dari hos atas radiator.

Pancuran Terus
Untuk melakukan pancuran terus, cara dan langkah adalah sama seperti yang di atas tetapi arah air pancuran perlu diterbalikkan.

Salur muncung senapang pemancur ke bahagian hos atas radiator manakala hos bawah disalurkan keluar.

Memeriksa Paras Air Radiator

RADIATOR TANPA TAKUNG PENYEJUK (Takungan Limpah) Pastikan enjin beransur sejuk. Tanggalkan penutup radiator untuk memeriksa paras air radiator.

RADIATOR DENGAN TAKUNG PENYEJUK (Takungan Limpah) Pastikan enjin beransur sejuk. Tanggalkan penutup tekanan untuk dan penutup penakung penyejuk untuk memeriksa paras penyejuk.

Jikalau paras sejuk rendah pada kedua-dua radiator dan penakung, tambahkan penyejuk sehingga leher radiator dan pada penakung pada paras maksima.

Staying Cool

A car's cooling system plays a vital role in keeping your car in road-worthy condition. The reason: a car engine needs to be in optimum working temperature in order to work efficiently. At present, there are 2 types of cooling systems in use:

1. Air-cooled system
   Pros: Easy maintenance. No worries about leaks or forgetting to fill the radiator
   Cons: Very noisy.
2. Liquid-cooled system (the most common). Maintaining a liquid-cooled system requires a lot of work, as the user must check the coolant levels regularly. This is even more important in our climate as Malaysian hot weather tends to put more demands on the cooling system. To be safe, always check the
   thermometer meter when you are on the road.

The surest sign of cooling system failure is a fast rising temperature and the consequences will be costly if you continue driving because the engine will overheat and seize.

Common causes of engine overheat:

1. Negligence
   This simply means that the driver has forgotten to check the liquid coolant level before starting off on a long journey.
   Prevention: Easy regular maintenance procedures.
   
2. Radiator Puncture
   The radiator is not exactly a hardy product and can easily be punctured by rocks, stones or even branches that strike your car as you drive. If you are faced with a radiator puncture, do not attempt to drive off for help. The pressure that occurs in the cooling system while the engine is running will cause the liquids to leak and evaporate faster. This will aggravate the problem. It would be advisable to call for help, and have the car towed to the workshop.
   
3. Water pump failure
   This is another common cause of engine overheat. Rubber parts within a car will fail in time. This includes the rubber hose that connects your car's radiator to the engine. It should be regularly checked for breaks, tears or cracks. Tiny cracks are often the first,.indication that the hose needs to be changed. You should always replace the rubber hose at the first signs of cracking, instead of waiting for the hose to spring a leak. Replacing a rubber hose is a simple job that can be done whenever the car is in the workshop for its regular maintenance service.
   At the same time, other rubber parts such as the rubber seal on the radiator cap should also be checked. A leaking radiator cap should be replaced with an original manufacturer's product. This is important because the radiator works in a highly pressurized state. If the pressure is not held with the correct radiator cap, it will continue to leak and you will be faced with recurring cooling problems.
   
4. Electric Fan Failure
   Another common cause of engine overheat is when the electric fan motor which cools the radiator fails. Like all mechanical parts, it will fail. The only solution is to have it replaced. Mechanical and parts problems like radiator puncture, water pump failure and electric fan failure are very much beyond the driver's control. What you can actively do to avoid any unexpected breakdown caused by a malfunction in your car's cooling system is to ensure that the coolant level is adequate. As always, stick to your car's maintenance schedule and be vigilant about the state of the rubber hoses and seals within the cooling system. It is always a good idea to ask your mechanic to include a check on the cooling system as part of his service.

Filters and the role they play in your car

Clean filters (air, fuel, transmission and oil filters) playa crucial role in ensuring optimum vehicle performance. In addition to grit and dirt which enter the engine and transmission from the air and other factors in the environment, these filters keep out harmful contaminants from condensation, chemical reactions and wear.

1. Fuel Filter:
   Fuel filters may be small but they are a critical part of the fuel delivery system. The injectors in the fuel injection system have small orifices through which fuel is forced under high pressure. This creates an air/fuel mixture as a vapour, which is the best state for combustion and power. Even the tiniest particle of dirt can clog the injector and disable the engine. The fuel filter is designed to avoid this. Fuel injection systems also rely on electric fuel pumps to maintain the necessary pressure. These pumps are generally located in the fuel tank behind the fuel filter. For this reason, a partially clogged filter in the system will have the fuel pump overworking to overcome the restriction. The fuel pumps which fail prematurely are forced to operate under such conditions for a prolonged period of time.
2. Air Filter:
   Air filters keep harmful and abrasive dust and dirt out of the inside of the engine. In today's sophisticated computer-controlled fuel injection system, air filters playa more important role than ever.A clean air filter is absolutely necessary to maintain the delicate balance of air-to-fuel ratio.
3. Transmission Filter:
   The automatic transmission is a giant hydraulic pump that lubricates itself. The fluid follows a predetermined path under hydraulic pressure, creating what is called a 'fluid coupling' or linkup between the engine and the transmission that will propel the car forward. For this to happen, the fluid must be clean and flow freely. This is where the transmission filter plays a major role by keeping the fluid clean of debris such as dirt, sludge and clutch material. If the filter is clogged, the flow of fluid will be inhibited, the pressure lowers, the fluid breaks down, and friction and head build up affecting the performance of the transmission or even causing transmission failure.
4. Oil Filter:
   Oil filters trap dirt, metal filings and sludge, which are all by-products of the internal combustion engine. Without this filter, these contaminants will flow through the engine causing heat, friction and engine failure.
   

“FuelStretch” TIPS

The Taylors’ Guinness World Record challenge will provide comprehensive insights for a fuel efficiency programme which Shell is promoting called “FuelStretch.” This programme is designed to help everyday motorists cut the cost of motoring through a mix of enhanced fuel technology and education in fuel-efficient driving techniques. So, when the Taylors leave London, they’ll be conscious that fuel-saving their way across the planet will mean they need to adhere to the following principles:

1. Drive smoothly - Aggressive driving can use as much as a third more fuel than safe driving*. Avoid accelerating or braking too hard and try to keep your steering as smooth as possible.

2. Use higher gears - The higher gear you drive in the lower your engine speed is, which can improve fuel efficiency. So change up a gear whenever you can, without labouring the engine.

3. Tune and service your engine - A well tuned engine can improve fuel economy by up to 4%**, so change your oil and follow your car manufacturer’s recommendation on servicing.

4. Keep your tyres at the right pressure – Correctly inflated tyres are safer and last longer. A tyre that is under inflated by just 1psi can reduce fuel efficiency by as much as 3%**. An under or over inflated tyre is also more susceptible to failing.

5. Avoid carrying excess weight – For every extra 100 lbs (45 kg) you carry your fuel efficiency can drop by 1-2%*. So keep your boot or back seat clear of unnecessary items that just add weight to your vehicle.

6. Keep the windows closed - Wind blowing through an open window will slow you down. To compensate, you may put your foot down harder, using more fuel.

7. Take the roof rack off - If you’re not using your roof rack then remove it. They affect the aerodynamic efficiency of your vehicle and create drag, reducing fuel economy by as much as 5%*.

8. Use the correct oil - Always use the recommended grade of motor oil. Using the manufacturer’s recommended lubricant can improve fuel efficiency by 1-2%**. Higher quality motor oils can also help your engine operate more efficiently.

9. Fuel Matters – All fuels are not created equal. Fuel economy is maximised in the engine through a combination of good driving habits and using the best fuel…one that helps reduce friction and improve cleanliness in the engine, thereby boosting fuel efficiency. The Taylors have chosen Shell fuel to power their world record attempt as a result of their own personal tests of several commercially-available fuels and their belief in Shell’s product quality and 50-year heritage of innovative fuels research and development.

10. Use cruise control - Using cruise control on major roads helps you maintain a constant speed and, in many cases, will improve fuel consumption.

11. Avoid excess idling - Idling gets you nowhere but still burns fuel. Turn the engine off when you’re in a queue, or waiting for someone, until you need it.

12. Plan trips carefully - Cutting down on the time spent in the car is the easiest way to conserve fuel. To reduce driving time, combine all your short trips and errands into a single journey.

13. Avoid over revving - Change gear in good time when you pull away or when you’re accelerating. Never ‘redline’ the rev counter.

14. Avoid high speeds - The faster you go the more wind resistance you’ll encounter and the more fuel your vehicle will consume just to maintain speed. Driving just 5mph over the speed limit can affect fuel economy by up to 23%***.

15. Keep your distance - Leave a sensible distance between yourself and the car ahead to give you ample time to brake evenly.

16. Use air conditioning sparingly – Air conditioning puts added strain on the engine and uses fuel to operate, so limit use to particularly hot or cold days. On temperate days use the fan instead.

17. Check the air filters - Air filters keep impurities from damaging your engine. Replacing a clogged air filter can improve fuel economy by as much as 10%** and will help protect your engine.

18. Avoid rush hour - If you can travel outside of peak times, you’ll spend less time stuck in traffic and consume less fuel as a result.

19. Conserve momentum - Think ahead when you’re driving. For example, slow down early to let traffic lights change, rather than stopping completely, or speed up a little before you reach the foot of a hill.

20. Avoid small fuel fills – Fuel evaporates every time you open the fuel cap. To stop this, avoid repeatedly topping up your tank. Also check the seal on your fuel cap is airtight.

It might sound like an awful lot to keep in mind: but once these tips are absorbed into drivers’ everyday approach to motoring and maintenance, they become second nature. What also becomes second nature is the knowledge that trips to the forecourt will become less frequent, which – in these days of rising costs – has to be a major benefit for each and every driver on the road.

The Importance of Wiper Blades

Unlike some parts of the car, for example, the car's engine or shock absorbers, the two wiper blades on the windscreen are normally deemed as petty device. Not much attention is paid to its very existence. Often, the blades are forgotten when car owners send their car for scheduled service.

Although it looks simple, it should not be taken as something unimportant, especially when clear vision becomes very important especially during a heavy storm. Having a good pair of wipers is as important when driving in wet weather conditions as having a good braking system. So it is not an understatement to say that wiper blades are important in ensuring driving safety. It is vital to equip your car with a pair of quality and reliable blades.

When buying or choosing a pair of wipers, please take note of the following:

1. Make sure that the rubber strip is soft and elastic. Since the wipers are installed outside the car and exposed to sunlight, high temperature as well as corrosive chemicals and weather conditions, the anti-weathering property of the rubber part determines the quality of the wiper blade.
2. It is advisable to select a pair of wipers of similar length to the original wipers. This is to ensure that the pressure transmitted from the wiper spring to the wiper arm can be spread out evenly on the contact surface between the rubber blades and the windscreen. The efficiency is optimal under such conditions.

MAINTAINING WIPER BLADES

If you're one of those who place importance to maintaining a regular engine check-up, it's about time you do the same for your wiper. All it takes is a few minutes and by doing this, not only will you be extending the lifeline of your wipers, but you will also help protect your windscreen from scratches. More importantly, it will offer you clear vision, especially at night or when it rains.

Here are a few things that you should notice when checking the wipers

1. The screws on the wiper arms are tightened.
2. The joins of the wiper arm are flexible. If they are rusty, lubricate it. However, make sure that you don't dirty the rubber blades or the windscreen.
3. Check that the rubber strip is in a straight line. If deformed, rub it longitudinally with a soaked cloth from the fixed end to the loose end. Replace it with a new one if the deformation is too serious and cannot be restored.
4. Adjust the angle of the wiper arm so that the rubber blade will be perpendicular to and in full contact with the windscreen.
5. Remember to remove your wipers when you send your car for washing or repainting. The detergent in paint as well as high temperature will only expedite the ageing of the rubber parts.

Gearing for a smooth drive

The best engine in the world will not move a car without the aid of the gear system. While the engine supplies the raw power, it is the gearing that drives the wheels to move the car. There are 3 basic types of gear: manual, automatic, and 4-wheel
drive. However; the concept of the gear system remains the same - to move the vehicle.

The gear system also works to change the speed of the vehicle in line with the rotation of the engine, and thus allowing the engine to gain the required momentum to move the car.

Regardless of the type of gear system, the basic components remain the same. A series of wheels with jagged 'teeth' form the
basic physical make-up of a gear system. These serve to drive the vehicle at a pre-determined speed. The gears are connected into the gear box using either a system of rods or cables with a combination of several rods. If one of these components is worn out or dam-aged, the driver will face difficulties in changing gear. In addition, the clutch plate must be in good condition because a worn out plate will also cause difficulties in getting into or changing the gears.

When metal works against metal, obviously, a lot of friction and heat will be generated. This is the reason why the gear components require the use of lubricants to reduce the friction and heat. Therefore, there must always be an adequate level of lubricants in the gear box.

Unlike engine lubricants, gear fluids do not become contaminated very quickly. However, prolonged use will cause the lubricants to lose their effectiveness. A lack of gear fluids will cause the gears to heat up and hasten the rate of wear and tear on the gear component. As a rule of thumb, gear fluids should be changed once every 6 months. However, cars with automatic transmissions will need a change of gear fluids every 40,000 km.

For some car owners, difficulty in changing gear or unusual sounds will prompt a quick visit into the workshop for major repairs. Sadly, not all mechanics are honest and ethical enough to tell vehicle owners that the problem could be a minor one and easily fixed by changing the gear fluid. Instead, unscrupulous mechanics out to make a quick buck will simply inform the owner that there is a problem with the gear box. The result is an expensive repair cost and the gear box is changed unnecessarily.

This is the reason why the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs has directed all workshops to display their list of prices for parts and services. Motorists are also advised to exercise their right as consumers to see the parts that have been changed. This will help prevent the many cases of fraud that are reported each year.

Your driving style will also contribute much towards lengthening the life-span of your gears. While changing gears, make sure that the clutch is fully depressed to release the gear from the engine. At the same time, keep that foot off the clutch pedal while driving as this will cause unnecessary wear and tear on the clutch plate.

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